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Phaeophyceae

Ascoseirales

Sporophyte parenchymatous, with intercalary growth; several scattered discoid plastids without pyrenoid; heteromorphic life cycle but gametophyte not free-living; isogamous sexual reproduction. Ascoseira.

Desmarestiales

Gametophyte small and filamentous; sporophyte larger and pseudo-parenchymatous; several scattered discoid plastids with no pyrenoid; trichothallic growth; heteromorphic life cycle; oogamous sexual reproduction. Arthrocladia, Desmarestia (P), Himantothallus, Phaeurus

Dictyotales

Gametophyte and sporophyte parenchymatous, with apical or marginal growth; several scattered discoid plastids without pyrenoid; isomorphic life cycle; oogamous sexual reproduction. Dictyota, Dilophus, Lobophora, Padina, Stypopodium, Taonia, Zonaria.

Discosporangiales

Ectocarpales

Gametophyte and sporophyte uniseriate filaments, either branched or unbranched, with diffuse growth; one or more ribbon-shaped plastids with pyrenoid; isomorphic life cycle; isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous sexual reproduction. Adenocystis, Acinetospora, Chordaria, Ectocarpus, Scytosiphon.

Fucales

Sporophyte parenchymatous, with apical cell growth; several scattered discoid plastids without pyrenoid; diploid life stage only with meiosis producing gametes; (mostly) oogamous sexual reproduction. Ascophyllum, Bifurcaria, Cystoseira, Druvillaea, Fucus, Hormosira, Sargassum, Turbinaria.

Ishige

Isomorphic alternation of generations, with apical cell growth; scattered discoid plastids without pyreniods; terminal unilocular sporangia or uniseriate plurilocular sporangia; cortex pseudoparenchymatous with assimilatory filaments; phaeophycean hairs in cryptostigmata. Ishige.

Laminariales

Nemoderma

Encrusting heterotrichous thalli; numerous discoid plastids per cell without pyrenoids; isomorphic life cycle; anisogamous gametes; plurilocular reproductive structures are lateral, whereas unilocular sporangia are intercalary. Nemoderma tingitanum.

Onslowiales

Ralfsiales

Crustose in at least one phase of the life history or via a disc-type germination; plastids without pyrenoids, from one to many per cell; plurilocular sporangium intercalary and having one or more terminal sterile cells. Lithoderma, Neoralfsia, Pseudolithoderma, Ralfsia.

Scytothamnales

Gametophyte large and parenchymatous, with intercalary growth; sporophyte small and filamentous, with apical growth; one or more stellate or axial plastids with pyrenoid; heteromorphic alternation of generations; anisogamous sexual reproduction. Scytothamnus, Splachnidium, Stereocladon.

Sphacelariales

Sporochnales

Gametophyte and larger sporophyte pseudoparenchymatous, with trichothallic growth; several scattered discoid plastids without pyrenoid; heteromorphic alternation of generations; oogamous sexual reproduction. Bellotia, Carpomitra, Nereia, Sporochonus, Tomaculopsis.

Syringodermatales

Gametophyte 2–4 cells; sporophyte parenchymatous with apical and marginal growth; several scattered discoid plastids without pyrenoid; heteromorphic alternation of generations but gametophyte not free-living; isogamous sexual reproduction. Syringoderma

Tilopteridales

Polystichous construction of the thallus, which grows by a trichothallic meristem; several scattered plastids without pyrenoids; isomorphic alternation of generations; oogamous sexual reproduction. Cutleria, Halosiphon, Haplospora, Phaeosiphoniella, Phyllaria, Tilopteris.

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