Retaria

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Foraminifera

Filopodia with granular cytoplasm, forming branching and anastomosing network (reticulopodia); bidirectional rapid (10 mm/s) transport of intracellular granules and plasma membrane domains; tubular mitochondrial cristae; fuzzy-coated organelle of unknown function in reticulopodia; polymorphic assemblies of tubulin as (i) conventional microtubules singly or in loosely organized bundles, (ii) single helical filaments, and (iii) helical filaments packed into paracrystalline arrays; majority of forms possess a test, which can be organic walled, agglutinated, or calcareous; wall structure in naked and single-chambered forms quite variable for “naked” athalamids, such as Reticulomyxa, thicker veins vested with an amorphous, mucoid material; for thecate (soft-walled) species, such as members of the genus Allogromia, proteinaceous with little or no foreign material; for agglutinated species, foreign materials bound with an amorphous or fibrous organic matrix; for multi-chambered (polythalamous) forms, walls containing agglutinated material or mineralized with calcite, aragonite, or silica; life cycle often comprising an alternation of asexually reproducing agamont and sexually reproducing gamont.

Acantharia

Cell surrounded by fibrillar capsule outside of cell membrane; axopodia, spicules, and amoeboid anastomosing dynamic network of irregular pseudopodia extending from the capsule; this outer network (ectoplasm) surrounded by fibrillar periplasmic cortex; inner cell region inside capsule (endoplasm) holding the organelles; axopodia, supported by microtubular arrays, with kinetocyst extrusomes and with a centroplast-type centrosome at base of each spicule; 20 radial spicules of strontium sulphate merged at cell centre; spicule tips attached to contractile myonemes at periplasm; tubular mitochondrial cristae; often with algal symbionts in endoplasm, and captured prey in ectoplasm network; asexual reproduction unknown; sexual reproduction involving consecutive mitotic and meiotic divisions that ultimately release 10^2 –10^3 biciliated isogametic cells; only marine isolates known

Polycystinea

Central capsule spherical to ovate with round pores in the capsular wall either distributed uniformly on the surface of a spherical capsular wall or localized at one pole of an ovate capsular wall; skeleton either absent or when present, composed of spicules or forming elaborate geometric-shaped, porous or latticed shells.

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Ярославская обл., п. Борок, ИБВВ РАН

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