Chlorophyta

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Ulvophyceae

Swimming cells with one or two pairs of cilia, without mastigonemes; basal bodies with 4 microtubular rootlets in cruciate arrangement, and smaller roots of two sizes, alternating between 2 or more microtubules; cilia with scales and rhizoplasts; cell wall more or less calcified; cell division by furrowing with mitotic spindle closed, centric and persistent; phycoplast absent; thallus can be branched or unbranched, mono- or distromatic sheet (phyllose), or cushiony forms of compacted tubes; thallus often multinucleate and siphonous; free-living diplobiontic life cycle, iso- or heteromorphic. Acetabularia, Caulerpa, Chladophora, Codium, Pithophora, Pseudonochloris, Rhizoclonium

Trebouxiophyceae

Swimming cells with one or two pairs of cilia, without mastigonemes; basal bodies with 4 microtubular rootlets in cruciate arrangement, including a multi-layered structure, and a smaller root, alternating between 2 or more microtubules; basal bodies with prominent rhizoplast, cruciate, displaced counter-clockwise and counter-clockwise basal body orientation; closed mitosis with metacentric spindle, semi-closed mitosis; cytokinesis with phycoplast; asexual reproduction by autospores or zoospores; sexual reproduction reported but not observed; lichenose and free-living forms; osmotrophy and autotrophy. Botryococcus, Chlorella, Choricystis, Coccomyxa, Microthamnion, Nannochloris, Oocystis, Pabia, Prasiola, Prototheca, Trebouxia

Chlorophyceae

Swimming cells with one to hundreds of cilia, without mastigonemes; when 2 or 4 cilia, basal bodies with 4 microtubular rootlets in cruciate arrangement, alternating between 2 and more microtubules; basal bodies displaced clockwise or directly opposed; rhizoplast connects basal bodies and extends to nucleus; in colonial forms, basal bodies re-oriented to face outside of colony; closed mitosis; cytokinesis has phycoplast with microtubules, sometimes with furrowing, with formation of plasmodesmata cell-cell connections; haplobiontic life cycle; sexual reproduction by isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy; asexual reproduction by aplanospores, akinetes, or autosporic; osmotrophy and autotrophy. Bracteacoccus, Chlamydomonas (P), Desmodesmus, Floydiella, Hydrodictyon, Oedegonium, Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Volvox.

Pedinophyceae

Unicellular, with single cilium; closed mitosis with persistent spindle; phycoplast absent; counterclockwise basal body orientation; cilia covered with rigid or thin, hair-like appendages; single parietal chloroplast. Marsupiomonas, Pedinomonas.

Nephroselmis

Cells laterally compressed; two cilia inserted laterally; square- or diamond-shaped scales cover cell body and cilia, except in at least one species – Nephroselmis pyriformis; single, cup-shaped chloroplast with pyrenoid and eyespot; contractile vacuole near ciliary bases in freshwater species; sexual reproduction by hologamy; mostly marine, some freshwater. Nephroselmis.

Mamiellophyceae

Cells typically solitary, with single chloroplast, sometimes two, surrounded by two membranes; chlorophylls a and b; prasinoxanthin commonly present; 2 cilia, single or no cilium present; cilia equal or unequal in length; eyespot posterior if present; cells and/or cilia with 1-2 layers of flattened, rounded or elliptical scales, or scales absent; scales ornamented with spider web-like or uniformly reticulate pattern; mostly marine, some freshwater. Bathycoccus, Dolichomastix, Mamiella, Monomastix.

Prasinophytae

Cells 1-8 cilia, occurring in multiples of two, inserted in a ciliary pit; basal body rootlet structure diverse; rhizoplast extends beyond nucleus; cilia forward and pulling, or undulating and pushing; cilia with lateral mastigonemes; cells with 1-7 distinct types of organic extracellular scales, sometimes elaborate, covering cell wall and cilia; some with extrusomes; cysts in some; mitosis variable, most with persistent telophase spindle; nutrition by autotrophy and osmotrophy. Crustomastix, Halosphaera, Pyramimonas, Pycnococcus, Pseudoscourfieldia, Prasinococcus.

Chlorodendrophyceae

Cells with a pair of cilia, inserted in a ciliary pit; cilia beat in breast-stroke pattern; basal body rootlets structure in X2X2 configuration; with organic extracellular scales, outer layer of scales fused to form a theca; metacentric spindle collapses at telophase; nutrition by autotrophy and osmotrophy. Scherffelia, Tetraselmis.

Palmophyllales

Thallus macroscopic, crustose or erect; subspherical cells in gelatinous matrix make up thallus; cell diameter 6–10 lm; each cell with single cup-shaped chloroplast lacking pyrenoids; benthic marine. Palmophyllum, Palmoclathrus, Verdigellas.

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