Fornicata

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Diplomonadida

Usually with ‘diplomonad’ cell organization, namely a pair of kinetids and two nuclei, each kinetid usually with four ciliated kinetosomes but sometimes only 2 or 3 ciliated; some taxa (‘enteromonads’) secondarily have a single kinetid and nucleus; at least one cilium per kinetid directed posteriorly, associated with a cytopharyngeal tube or groove, or lying axially within the cell; various nonmicrotubular fibres supporting the nucleus and cytopharyngeal apparatus; free-living or endobiotic, often parasitic. Apomorphy: diplomonad cell organization

Retortamonadida

Single ciliary apparatus with four kinetosomes and either two (Retortamonas) or four (Chilomastix) emergent cilia; posterior cilium has 2–3 vanes and is associated with a ventral feeding groove with posterior cytostome; cell surface underlain by a corset of microtubules; all endobiotic, except one free-living species. Apomorphy: “lapel” structure as an electron-dense sheet supporting the anterior origin of the peripheral microtubules. Chilomastix, Retortamonas. Note that molecular phylogenetic studies currently do not support monophyly, perhaps due to misidentification/polyphyly of Retortamonas spp.

‘Carpediemonas-like organisms’

Free-living, marine, anaerobic/microaerophilic ciliated cells with a broad ventral suspension-feeding groove; almost always biciliated, but with 2-4 kinetosomes; posterior cilium with 1-3 vanes and beating within the groove; with relatively large cristae-lacking mitochondrion-related organelles; consistently recovered as a paraphyletic assemblage within Fornicata in molecular phylogenies. Carpediemonas, Dysnectes, Ergobibamus, Hicanonectes, Kipferlia.

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