Family Hyalospheniidae

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Genus Alocodera

Shell is pyriform, compressed in cross section, with a well-developed neck separated from the posterior part of the shell by two lateral indentations. Two lateral pores are situated in the indentations. Shell very transparent, yellowish, smooth, covered by small xenosomes. Aperture is arched in the narrow lateral view, surrounded by a thickened rim. Ecology: mosses. Monospecific. Type species: Alocodera cockayni (Penard, 1902)

Genus Apodera

Shell is subspherical or ellipsoidal, compressed in cross section, with a distinct neck separated from the rest of the shell by constriction. The neck tapers from the body towards the aperture. The whole shell is covered by is circular and oval plates of scales, distributed more or less regularly. Aperture is terminal, oval, slightly arched, surrounded by an organic rim. Ecology: mosses, organic soils. Type species: Apodera vas Certes, 1889

Genus Certesella

Shell is pyriform elongated or flask-shaped, compressed in cross section, neck with parallel sides, organic apertural rim. The development of the neck varies among species from slightly to well differentiated. The main characteristics of the genus are the presence of two lateral depressions with large central pores connected by two tubes located at approximately 2/3 of the distance between the fundus of the shell and the aperture, and the presence of internal teeth on the neck giving punctuated impression. Shell composed of collected euglyphid idiosomes in an unstructured cement, transparent. Type species: Certesella martiali (Certes, 1889)

Genus Cornutheca

Shell is elongated-pyriform, with a distinct neck, lateral margins tapering towards the aperture. Two lateral horns, pointing towards the posterior part of the shell, either free or connected to the main part of the shell by a lateral keel surrounding the posterior part of the shell. Shell hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey. Members of this genus differ from other hyalospheniid genera in the presence of two lateral horns. Type species: Cornutheca ansata (Leidy, 1879)

Genus Gibbocarina

Shell is elongated-pyriform, with the lateral sides tapering towards the aperture, with a hollow tuberous keel surrounding the entire posterior end of the shell. Shell hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates, probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey. Members of this genus differ from those in the genus Nebela by the strongly elongated shape of the shell, the presence of a hollow keel and in most cases a larger size. From the members of Longinebela, they differ mainly by the presence of a keel. Gibbocarina may be confused with Planocarina, although in the latter the keel is flat, while in Gibbocarina it is hollow (the difference is very obvious when seen in profile). Type species: Gibbocarina galeata (Penard, 1890)

Genus Hyalosphenia

Shell is rounded, ovoid or elongated elliptical or flask shaped, laterally compressed, aperture variable from linear to strongly curved, with or without thickened lip. Shell hyaline or slightly yellowish, with a smooth organic surface (exception: Hyalosphenia punctata which has a punctuated surface). Some species contain symbiotic zoochlorellae in cytoplasm. Ecology: freshwater, moss, soils. Type species: Hyalosphenia ligata (Tatem, 1870)

Genus Mrabella

Shell is elongated-pyriform, laterally compressed, with the lateral sides gradually tapering toward the aperture. Lateral margins distinctly compressed giving the impression of a thick and wide hollow keel. Because of this, the shell is elongated elliptical with the pointed end in the profile. Shell colourless, composed of quadrangular shell plates similar to those in Quadrulella species. Type species: Mrabella subcarinata (Gauthier-Lièvre, 1957)

Genus Nebela

Shell is rounded, ovoid-pyriform, or wide-pyriform, rarely with a keel (partial or complete) or other lateral expansions, with or without wavy lateral margins. Aperture is ranging from linear to strongly curved, bordered by a more or less thin organic lip (rim, collar or fringe). Shell is hyaline or slightly yellowish, reinforced with circular to elongated shell plates apparently recycled mostly from euglyphid testate amoeba prey, sometimes also including fragments of diatom frustules or other small mineral elements. Type species: Nebela collaris (Ehrenberg, 1848) Leidy, 1879

Genus Longinebela

Shell is elongated-pyriform, with a distinct neck, lateral margins (that can be straight or wavy) tapering towards the aperture. Shell is hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey. Type species: Longinebela tubulosa (Penard, 1902)

Genus Padaungiella

Shell is bottle-shaped, compressed, with a distinct elongated. Shell is covered by idiosomes of testate amoeba prey, various forms, randomly located. Aperture is elliptic or oval, surrounded by organic rim or straight cut. Ecology: freshwater, mosses. Type species: Padaungiella lageni-formis (Penard, 1890)

Genus Planocarina

Shell is elongated-pyriform, with a distinct neck, lateral margins tapering towards the aperture. A flat keel surrounds the entire posterior part of the shell. Shell is hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey. Type species: Planocarina carinata (Archer, 1867)

Genus Porosia

Shell is pyriform, with rounded posterior end, laterally compressed. In front view two distinct lateral depressions with two large invaginated pores are situated on each side, which are connected by internal tubes as in genus Certesella. In profile, small lateral pores can be observed, just anterior to the large pores. The lateral keel can (or cannot) be present surrounding 1/3 of posterior lateral margin (keel is important distinctive character between Porosia species: Porosia bigibbosa – lacking of lateral keel, Porosia paracarinata – presence of lateral keel). Shell is composed of euglyphid shell plates embedded in unstructured cement. Aperture is curved, surrounded with organic lip. Habitat: Sphagnum mosses, litter, soil, rare genus. This genus is closely related to Certesella but lacks the punctuated neck. Type species: Porosia bigibbosa Jung, 1942

Genus Quadrulella

Shell is pyriform, or elongated pyriform, with the lateral sides tapering towards the aperture, with or without distinct neck. Always laterally compressed, elliptical in cross section. Aperture ranging from linear to strongly curved, with or without thickened organic lip. Shell is hyaline, composed of self-secreted square plates. Quadrulella differs from Nebela and Hyalosphenia by the use of square, siliceous self-secreted plates in the construction of the shell. It may be confused with Mrabella, which has similar shell shape and square plates. The most distinctive characteristic is the presence of a lateral pronounced hollow keel in the genus Mrabella (although Q. alata also exhibits a lateral keel, we consider it to be flat and not hollow, even if this detail is not mentioned in the original description of the species), and the fact that square plates of Quadrulella are self-secreted, while the origin of square plates of Mrabella is unclear. Type species: Quadrulella symmetrica (Wallich, 1864) Cockerell, 1909

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