Incertae sedis EUKARYOTA

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Ancyromonadida

Benthic gliding cells, dorsoventrally compressed, with leftward-oriented rostrum at anterior; two unequal cilia, each emerging in separate shallow pocket; short apical anterior cilium may be very thin or terminate at cell membrane; long posterior cilium inserts ventrally/left-laterally; rostrum contains extrusomes in rows; cell membrane supported by a thin single-layered theca; discoidal/flat mitochondrial cristae; bacterivorous. Ancyromonas, Planomonas (regarded as synonyms by Heiss et al. 2010).

Apusomonadida

Gliding cells; dorsal cell membrane is underlain by thin theca comprising two dense layers, and extending as lateral flanges that delimit a broad ventral region from which pseudopodia develop; with two heterodynamic cilia – the anterior cilium enclosed by sleeve-like extension of flanges to form a proboscis and the posterior cilium lying within the ventral region; tubular mitochondrial cristae; bacterivorous. Amastigomonas, Apusomonas, Manchomonas, Multimonas, Podomonas, Thecamonas.

Breviatea

Amoeboid cells with single anteriorly-directed apical cilium; filopodia generally radiating from around the cell, forming at anterior end and often trailing at posterior; anaerobic or microaerophilic, with large mitochondrionlike organelle; ingests bacteria; can form cysts. Breviata, Subulatomonas.

Collodictyonidae

Free-swimming cells with two or four equal apical cilia orthogonal to each other; ciliary transition zone long, with a two-part axosome; phagocytosis of other eukaryotic cells occurring in a conspicuous longitudinal ventral groove that extends to posterior end, giving a double-lobed appearance. Collodictyon, Diphylleia (= Aulacomonas), Sulcomonas.

Mantamonas

Gliding biciliated cell; cell body flattened with left side of cell with angled shape and right side plastic; long posteriorly-directed cilium directed straight behind gliding cell; anterior cilium very thin. Mantamonas plastica.

Rigifilida

Cells rounded, somewhat circular in dorsoventral aspect although somewhat plastic; pellicle underlies cell membrane on dorsal and lateral surfaces; central circular depression on venter of cell, with collar-like margin of reflected pellicle; branching fine pseudopodia arising from ventral depression, used to capture bacteria; flat mitochondrial cristae. Micronuclearia, Rigifila

Spironemidae

Cilia arranged in two lateral rows that may or may not run the whole length of the cell, with up to about a dozen cilia per row; submembranous thecal plates separate the cilia; thecal plates rotationally symmetrical, supported by microtubules; anterior differentiated into a capitulum, which is the site of phagocytosis; tubular and saccular mitochondrial cristae; with bottle-shaped extrusomes. Hemimastix, Spironema, Stereonema.

Cryptophyceae

Autotrophic, mixotrophic or heterotrophic with ejectisomes (trichocysts); mitochondrial cristae flat tubules; two cilia emerging subapically or dorsally from right side of an anterior depression (vestibulum); longitudinal grooves (furrows) and/or tubular channels (gullets) or a combination of both, extending posteriorly from the vestibublum on the ventral side; gullet/furrow complexes lined with large ejectisomes; with or without plastidnucleomorph complex; chloroplasts when present contain chlorophylls a and c2 and phycobiliproteins, located in thylakoid lumen; chloroplast covering comprised of inner and superficial periplast components (IPC, SPC, respectively); includes heterotrophic species formerly known as Chilomonas and some genera diplomorphic such as Cryptomonas and Proteomonas.

Haptophyta

Autotrophic, mixotrophic or heterotrophic cells; some in colonies or filaments; motile cells often possessing a haptonema, a filiform appendage situated between cilia; characteristic cell covering of unmineralized and/or mineralized scales; motile cells with two cilia generally without appendages, inserted apically or sub-apically in a papilla or groove, or emerging from a papilla; 1–4 chloroplasts with thylakoids in groups of three; chloroplasts with immersed or bulging pyrenoid; nucleus usually posterior; outer membrane of nuclear envelope continuous with outer chloroplast membrane; major pigments chlorophylls a, c1, and c2 with c3 in prymnesiophyceans, b-carotene, diadinoxanthin, and diatoxanthin; chrysolaminarin often the main storage product; eyespots recorded in a few genera (Pavlova, Diacronema); life cycles include either single phases or alternating stages; in those with alternating stages, palmelloid (colonial) or filamentous stages alternate with motile stages; sexual reproduction may be common in prymnesiophyceans; some species ichthyotoxic.

Rappemonads

Marine 5–7 lm cells with 2–4 plastids containing chlorphyll a. Poorly characterized, known only from environmental samples, and no species or genera described.

Picobiliphytes

Slightly oblong marine 2 x 6 lm cells originally reported to have a plastid, but this is debated. Poorly characterized, known only from environmental samples, and no species or genera described.

Centrohelida

Axopodia supported by microtubules in hexagonal or triangular arrays; axopodia retractable by microtubule depolymerization; kinetocyst extrusomes along axopodia; centrosome as trilaminar disc with fibrous electrondense cortex, called centroplast; flat mitochondrial cristae.

Telonema

Biciliated cells with a proboscis-like structure located at the ciliary pole and a complex cytoskeleton composed of layers of microtubules and microfilaments; tripartite tubular hairs on the long cilium; mitochondria with tubular cristae; peripheral vacuoles located just beneath the cell membrane; chloroplasts not observed. Telonema.

Palpitomonas

Biciliated, both cilia 20 lm long, with anterior cilium moving vigorously and posterior cilium trailing; swimming or sessile, as one cilium can attach to substratum, nongliding; unilateral bipartite mastigonemes on one cilium; MLS-like structure on one kinetosome root; single mitochondrion lobate with flat cristae; Golgi apparatus located under mastigont; phagotrophic; naked flexible 3 x 8 lm vacuolated cells. Palpitomonas bilix.

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