Stramenopiles

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Opalinata

Pluriciliated with double-stranded transitional helix at the transitional region between kinetosome and cilium; evenly spaced cortical ridges underlain by microtubules, ranging from singlets to ribbons; cystforming.

Blastocystis

Rounded nonciliated cells, anaerobic commensals/parasites of intestinal tracts; recovered as sister group to Opalinata in molecular phylogenies. Blastocystis.

Bicosoecida

Biciliate with or without tripartite mastigonemes, typically lacking transitional helix; without plastids; phagotrophic with cytostome, supported by broad microtubular rootlet No. 2 of posterior cilium; predominantly sedentary, often attach to substrate with posterior cilium; with or without lorica; solitary and colonial. Bicosoeca, Caecitellus, Cafeteria, Pseudobodo, Pseudodendromonas.

Placidida

Biciliate cells without plastids; described species have mastigonemes on anterior cilium, attach to substrates by posterior cilium during feeding; double-stranded transitional helix. Placidia, Wobblia.

Labyrinthulomycetes

Producing an ectoplasmic network of branched, anastomosing, wall-less filaments via a specialized organelle known as the bothrosome; Golgi-derived scales; biciliate zoospores with lateral insertion in many species.

Hyphochytriales

Single anteriorly directed cilium.

Peronosporomycetes

Thallus mainly aseptate; cell wall of glucan-cellulose, may have minor amount of chitin; haplomictic-B nuclear cycle; lysine synthesized via the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway; lanosterol directly from swaline oxide; zoospores biciliate and heterokont but rarely uniciliate; cilia anteriorly inserted; anteriorly directed cilium shorter; transitional plate of kinetosome sitting above the plasma membrane with a central bead; kinetid base structure with six parts, including four roots; oogamous reproduction that results in the formation of thick-walled sexual spores known as oospores, due to contact between male and female gametangia. Achlya, Leptomitus, Peronospora, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhipidium, Saprolegnia.

Actinophryidae

Axonemal pseudopodia emerging from amorphous centrosome near nuclei; axonemal microtubules in double interlocking coils; single central nucleus or several peripheral nuclei; tubular mitochondrial cristae; two types of extrusomes for prey-capture along axopodia; cysts covered with siliceous elements; autogamy reported within spores. Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium

Bolidomonas

Swimming cells with two cilia, one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly directed; no microtubular or fibrillar kinetosomal roots; ciliary transitional helix absent; no paraciliary rod; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; no eyespot; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1-3, fucoxanthin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin. Bolidomonas.

Chrysophyceae

Predominately ciliated cells, but also capsoid, coccoid, filamentous, and parenchymatous forms; swimming cells biciliated – one anteriorly directed and one laterally directed; tripartite mastigonemes with short and long lateral hairs on the shaft; kinetosome usually with 4 microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 4–6 gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cell coverings, when present, include organic scales, silica scales, organic lorica, and cellulose cell wall; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, anthaxanthin, and neoxanthin.

Dictyochophyceae

Single cells, colonial ciliated cells or amoebae; swimming cells usually with one cilium, anteriorly directed and bearing tripartite tubular hairs; kinetosomes adpressed to nucleus; no microtubular or fibrillar kinetosomal roots; ciliary transitional helix, when present, with 0–2 gyres located below the major transitional plate; paraciliary rod present; cells naked, with organic scales or with siliceous skeleton; chloroplasts, when present, with girdle lamella; plastid DNA with scattered granule-type genophore; no eyespot; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin.

Eustigmatales

Coccoid organisms, single cells or colonies; swimming cells biciliate – one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly directed; 4 microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 6 gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cell walls present; chloroplast without girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespot present but located outside of the chloroplast; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a, violaxanthin, and vaucherioxanthin. Botryochloropsis, Eustigmatos, Monodopsis, Nannochloropsis, Pseudocharaciopsis, Vischeria.

Pelagophyceae

Ciliated, capsoid, coccoid, sarcinoid or filamentous; swimming cells with 1 or 2 cilia – anteriorly directed cilium bearing bipartite or tripartite tubular hairs and second cilium, when present, directed posteriorly; kinetosome(s) adpressed to nucleus; no microtubular or fibrillar kinetosomal roots on uniciliated cells; four microtubular roots on biciliated cells; ciliary transitional helix, when present, with 2 gyres located below the major transitional plate; paraciliary rod present or absent; cells naked or with organic thecae or cell walls; chloroplasts with girdle lamella; plastid DNA with scattered granule-type genophore; no eyespot; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, fucoxanthin, 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin.

Phaeothamniophyceae

Filamentous, capsoid, palmelloid, ciliated, or coccoid; swimming cells biciliated – anteriorly directed cilium bearing tripartite tubular hairs and posteriorly directed cilium without tripartite hairs; 4 microtubular kinetosomal roots but no striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 4–6 gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cells covered with an entire or two-pieced cell wall; chloroplast with girdle lamella; chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin, heteroxanthin, diatoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin.

Pinguiochrysidales

Ciliated or coccoid organisms; swimming cells with one or two cilia; tripartite hairs present or absent on immature cilium; 3–4 microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 2 gyres located below the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cells naked or enclosed in mineralized lorica; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with scattered granule-type genophore; eyespots absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin. Glossomastix, Phaeomonas, Pinguiochrysis, Pinguiococcus, Polypodochrysis.

Raphidophyceae

Naked swimming biciliates with one anteriorly directed cilium bearing tripartite tubular hairs and one posteriorly directed cilium lacking tripartite hairs; microtubular kinetosomal roots present but poorly characterized; one large striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast present; ciliary transitional helix absent; no paraciliary rod; chloroplast with or without girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with no or very weak direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with scattered granule-type genophore; eyespots absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2; carotenoid composition distinctly different between marine (M) and freshwater (FW) species - fucoxanthin (M), violaxanthin (M), heteroxanthin (FW), vaucherioxanthin (FW). Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, Goniostomum, Haramonas, Heterosigma, Merotricha, Olisthodiscus, Vacuolaria.

Synurales

Predominately ciliated cells but benthic palmelloid colonies known; swimming cells usually with two anteriorly directed cilia – one bearing tripartite tubular hairs with short and long lateral hairs on their shafts, two microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 6–9 gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cells covered with bilaterally symmetrical silica scales; chloroplast with girdle lamella; chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with no (or very weak) direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1, fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, anthaxanthin, and neoxanthin. Chrysodidymus, Mallomonas, Synura, Tesselaria.

Xanthophyceae

Predominately coccoid or filamentous, rarely amoeboid, ciliated or capsoid; swimming cells with two cilia – one anteriorly directed and bearing tripartite tubular hairs and one posteriorly directed and lacking tripartite hairs; 4 microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated kinetosomeal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with 6 apparently double gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cell walls typical, probably of cellulose and either entire or H-shaped bisectional walls; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, violaxanthin, heteroxanthin, and vaucherioxanthin.

Phaeophyceae

Filamentous, syntagmatic, parenchymatous or ciliated; swimming cells with two cilia usually inserted laterally – one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly directed; usually 4 microtubular kinetosomal roots but no striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix typically with 6 gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; little to no substantial tissue differentiation occurring in parenchymatous forms; cell wall present, containing alginate compounds and cellulose; plasmodesmata or pores between cells in parenchymatous forms; chloroplasts with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c1,2, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin. Note that several subdivisions are separated on the basis of life history and gene sequence information, but taxonomic classification is still in flux.

Schizocladia

Branched filamentous algae with biciliated zoospores – an immature cilium bearing tubular tripartite hairs; ciliary transitional helix with ~5 gyres located above the transitional plate; ciliary apparatus and kinetosomal roots, if present undescribed; chloroplasts parietal with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; plastids with chlorophylls a and c as well as carotenoids (HPLC data absent); cell wall containing alginates but lacking cellulose and plasmodesmata; eyespot present; major storage product undescribed. Schizocladia ischiensis.

Diatomea

Vegetative cells cylindrical with a circular, elongate or multipolar cross-section, lacking any trace of cilia except as the sperm of centric lineages; cell wall complete, composed of tightly integrated silicified elements and comprised of two valves, one at each end of the cell, with several girdle bands as hoops or segments covering the cylindrical ‘girdle’ lying between the valves; chloroplasts usually present, bounded by 4 membranes, and with lamellae of 3 thylakoids and a ring nucleoid (rarely multiple nucleoids); ciliated sperm cells bearing a single anterior cilium with a 9 + 0 axoneme and mastigonemes; life cycle diplontic and of unique pattern – slow size reduction over several years during the vegetative phase, caused by an unusual internal wall morphogenesis, alternating with rapid size restitution via a growth phase (auxospore) over several days.

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